The explosive growth in storage needs has driven the computer industry to provide cheaper, more compact, and more versatile storage devices with greater capacity. WebAdditional Files for Lecture 10 (ZIP - 1.7MB) (This ZIP file contains: 1 .csv file, 7 .txt files, and 2 .py files) 11 Lecture 11: Introduction to Machine Learning (PDF - 1.1MB) Code File for Lecture 11 (PY) 12 Lecture 12: Clustering (PDF) Additional Files for Lecture 12 (ZIP) (This ZIP file contains: 1 .txt file and 2 .py files) 13 Cache memory is a type of very fast memory that is used to improve the speed of a Fuller F., Larson B., Computers: Understanding Technology (Second Edition), Assessment: Examination -70%: Coursework -30%. At the end of the chapter the learner shall be able to; When the human race started doing some trade, it felt a need for a calculating device. A typical data bus consists of 8, 16, or separate lines. Explain the characteristics of computers and how they are different from WebThis presentation is available free for non-commercial use with attribution under a creative commons license. They are of advanced technology i. the micro era based on large scale These are devices which are used to store huge information for future use. The control unit coordinates and controls all the operations carried out by the Each disk in the pack has top and bottom surfaces on which to record data. digital computers. Saving and retrieving information from a floppy disk is slower than on a hard Every effort will be made to get the notes on the web prior to the lecture. output, Central processing unit (CPU), main memory and secondary Therefore, it would shift you one column to the left. This is inflexible and so regular ROMs are only used generally for Explain the different hardware units of a computer system such as input, WebComputer hardware components can generally be broken down into three categories: Processing Processing components are responsible for actually carrying out actions in The processor and main memory of a PC are commonly held on a single board memory. They made use of vacuum tubes to store and process information. The purpose is to reduce the time it takes to move the access arms of a disk pack into position. D=0, so we are done, and the decimal number 163 is equivalent to the binary number 10100011. Disk, Virtual Memory, An easy to use digital logic design simulator is available. troubleshooting and upgrading computers. Reduce the bandwidth required of the large memory Processor Memory For example, putting ten in the 10^0 column is impossible, so we put a 1 in the 10^1 column, and a 0 in the 10^0 column, thus using two columns. It is designed to perform a specific function and cannot be WebCS 135: Computer Architecture I Fall 2010 Lecture Notes. They are more susceptible to physical damage and viruses than the hard drive. Knowledge Network of Toyota. The input and output devices are discussed in details in chapter 2 of the module. o Speakers Used to output sound This method produces high density and faster access to data. the most flexible type of ROM, and is now commonly used for holding BIOS Graphical user interface has some disadvantages such as. They can be linked to smaller computers and handle hundreds of users they are also used in space exploitation. Cache memory is a type of very fast memory that is used to improve the speed of a computer doubling it in some cases. The micro chip technology has enabled reduction of size of computers. B. image into dots that the computer can understand .To scan text, optical Although an individual probably cannot imagine generating enough output-letters, budgets, reports, and so forth-to fill a hard disk, software packages take up a lot of space and can make a dent rather quickly. typing, recording keeping, production of financial statements, drawing, and statistics. Programmable ROM (PROM): This is a type of ROM that can be programmed WebCS385 Computer Architecture, Lecture 1 Reading: Patterson & Hennessy - Chapter 1 Topics: Introduction, Computer Architecture = Instruction Set Architecture + Machine Diskettes and hard disks are magnetic media; that is, they are based on a technology of representing data as magnetized spots on the disk with a magnetized spot representing a 1 bit and the absence of such a spot representing a 0 bit. It may also be defined as the science and art of selecting and interconnecting hardware components to create computers that meet functional, performance and cost goals. A disk drive is a machine that allows data to be read from a disk or written on a disk. ii. A. This computer is commonly used in big hospitals, air line reservations companies, and many other huge companies prefer mainframe because of its capability of retrieving data on a huge basis. Logical operations it compares two data items to determine whether the A different ISR is provided for each different source of interrupt. Hardware You should also refer to the lecture notes available from the textbook website. The fetch execute cycle You should also refer to the lecture notes available from the textbook website. Inside the computer Almost all the computers used nowadays are digital computers and we will The transistor is o Voice input device- A computer I/O device in which vocal commands It is inefficient for humans to use binary, however, because it requires so many digits to represent a number. The fact that a disk is circular presents a problem: The distances around the tracks on the outside of the disk are greater than that of the tracks or the inside. Super computers are biggest in size, the most expensive in price than any other is The purpose of the control bus is to transmit command , timing and specific status information between system components such as the memory, processor, keyboard input controller VDU output controller and the Disk I/O controller. They are of advanced technology i.e. These suites offer four or more software products packaged together at a much lower price than buying the packages separately. Optical storage technology is categorized according to its read/write capability. RDRAM (Rambus DRAM) involves a new memory design that achieves a higher data transfer speeds but it is expensive to manufacture. o Microphone Used to put sound into a computer. In such a system a task is broken down and shared among processes for faster execution. support concurrent users. The processor and main memory of a PC are commonly held on a single board called a mother board. Hard disk for mainframes and minicomputers may be as large as 14 inches in diameter. They are -- you are required to read the textbook before (and after) each class. These computers used transistors after invention of transistors. (2mks) (b). multiplication and division.. Each column in hexadecimal is worth 16 times the column before, while each column in binary is worth 2 times the column before. This is similar to the way a CD-ROM recorder works by letting you "burn" programs onto blanks once and then letting you read from them many times. The outer gold layer is semi transparent, to allow reading of the underlying silver layer. The interrupt signal is sent along a control line to the processor, and the currently executing program is suspended while control is passed to an interrupt service routine. Saving and retrieving information from a floppy disk is slower than on a hard drive. Since the western alphabet contains only ten digits, hexadecimal uses the letters A-F to represent the digits ten through fifteen. When we first learned about numbers, we were taught that, in the decimal system, things are organized into columns: such that "H" is the hundreds column, "T" is the tens column, and "O" is the ones column. They can be used as servers in companies. Furthermore, data security is improved because if a disk fails, the disk system can reconstruct data on an extra disk; thus, computer operations can continue uninterrupted. to be reprogrammed again. These computers used transistors after invention of transistors. The high level languages commonly used are FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation), BASIC (Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code), COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language). They are usually called personal computers since they are designed to be used by individuals. The tubes They come highly recommended. multiple processor system with parallel processing. The size of a hard drive is usually expressed in terms of megabytes and integration that confines several physical components per small elements thumb In Fig 1.3 you can see the ejector clips (D), using your finger, push these into the down position as shown in Fig 1.3, this allows the memory to be inserted. Output Data can be obtained quickly from anywhere on the media. The next change came after about 1600 years. A. ); it can be written to, but only once. The speed of these machines was described in milliseconds (1/1000 of a second), Second generation computers (1957-1967) (7mks). memory. Begin with one-bit binary addition: 1+1 carries us into the next column. Many cheaper PC's ship with power supplies I would basically describe as "disposable." software. Both types of RAM are volatile, meaning that they lose their contents when the power is turned off. In fact, programming a PROM is also called burning , They are used for complex tasks requiring a lot of computational power. software A keyboard, mouse, scanner, digital camera, touch pads and joystick are examples of input devices. Bus size means the number of bits that can be transmitted together. The number 81 in binary would also have a 1 in the 2^0 column. These computers had programming languages whose vocabularies are close to the human natural language, English language. A hard disk is a metal platter coated with magnetic oxide that can be magnetized to represent data. Here are the digits used in hexadecimal and their equivalents in binary and decimal: Let's count in hexadecimal. programs that are static (not changing often) and mass-produced. The notches we have marked as B, are used to align the memory module with the DIMM slot keys C, as shown in Fig 1.3. D. Hard Drive Failure Troubleshooting, V. Input and output devices and interrupts. Examples of this are Ms. Dos, and Windows. The processor contains the control unit and the arithmetic/logic unit(ALU) and the system clock. dj z(l6uHyB"C]Iie7tHDXWq@vd4KfqS)YZT&;"v%LqNm!ZTJ UWBD@^-1QA+'6b"V0s>x$*Y l(7`yAP. Older Zip disks hold 100MB, newer ones hold 250MB and cost $8-$10 a piece (Floppies hold 1.4MB and cost around $2). Power Supply Troubleshooting A command based interface is quick to operate and very flexible, but the user needs to learn all the commands and type them in correctly. This is a program that translates high level source code into object code. In a command based interface the user enters commands through an interactive terminal. (a) Name the two major components of the Central Processing Unit and briefly describe what each does. CD-ROM's, for example, use microscopic dark spots on the surface of the disk to indicate "off," while the ordinary shiny surface is considered "on." Motherboard failures usually show up as second level problems, like "I've replaced the video card and the screen is still dead." 2kb and speed of processing was also very low. A set of programs associated with the operation of a computer. The normal number system we use is called the decimal or the denary number system. Users plugged components like floppy drive controllers and ()memory into the slots. It is designed to perform a specific function and cannot be changed. Hard disks for personal computers are 5-1/4 inch or 3-1/2 inch disks in sealed modules and even gigabytes are not unusual. Decode translate the program instruction into commands that the WebLecture notes Chapters 1-3, 5-12 The CMU ICS+ coursethat covers everything in CS:APP3e except Chapter 4 (Processor Architecture). A. I. size though today the term is used to refer to large computers. Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM): The next level of The data layer is only half as thick as in the CD-ROM. Random-access storage media refers to magnetic core, semiconductor, thin film, and bubble storage. Record the 1. Then we just put this into columns. A disadvantage of a removable hard disk is that it takes longer to access data than a built-in hard drive. 6.823 is a study of the evolution of computer architecture and the factors influencing the design of hardware and software elements of computer systems. If I had to choose one part to blame the majority of intermittent failures in cheap PC's on, it would be the power supply. A computer has to main components; details than what we will cover in the lecture. All 4GLs are designed to reduce programming effort, the time it takes to develop software, and the cost of software development. Pages 4-. Printout is permanent Hybrid Computers: Hybrid computers incorporate the technology of both analog and the number 193 is really {(1*10^2)+(9*10^1)+(3*10^0)}. Output devices The small circuitry that resulted improved the processing speed i.e. The disk cartridges look like a floppy disk, but are slightly bigger in all dimensions. write, because when they change their code they can create new PROMs without Explain the different storage units of a computer such as byte, Kilobyte, Hardware units (Devices) of a computer can be categorized into five units; first one is smaller than, equal to or greater than the second item. product problem - assembly code, Introduction The system unit is the unit that houses the processing unit (processor), memory, the input output controllers and the buses. For example, if the data bus is 8 bits wide, and each instruction is 16 bits long, then the processor must access the main memory twice during each instruction cycle. Binary addition works on the same principle, but the numerals are different. The transistor is smaller cheaper and produced less heat than vacuum tubes and consumed less power. Once again, we are out of digits in the first column, so we add one to the next column. humans. Instruction set architecture System organization (processor, memory, I/O) Micro-architecture Learn methods of evaluating performance Metrics Benchmarks Learn how to make systems go fast Pipelining, caching Parallelism Learn how to make systems less power hungry (maybe) Since 2222=16, this means that each hexadecimal digit is worth exactly four binary digits. Our running total now stands at a[3]=0, a[2]=0, a[1]=1, and a[0]=1. The width of an address bus, along with the size of addressable memory elements, determines how much memory can be accessed. A little glass window is installed in the top of the ROM package, through which you can actually see the chip that holds the memory. % Dynamic RAM needs to be refreshed thousands of times per second. peripherals can be attached to them. Diskettes offer particular advantages which, as you will see, are not readily available with hard disk: The end of the diskettes useful life-time may be upon us. Use large scale integration circuits which housed hundreds of transistors and very large IC which are between 200,000 to 400, 000 in one IC. calculations and heavy jobs. programmer, including the instruction set, word size, memory address Commands tell the computer to do something, like save the file. Unlike competing standards, SCSI is capable of supporting eight devices, or sixteen devices with Wide SCSI. classified and known as super computer. To read the data, the laser scans the disk, and a lens picks up different light reflections from the various spots. This product is analogous to a commercial software CD-ROM that you purchase in a store. works by letting you "burn" programs onto blanks once and then letting you this unit. A computer is an electronic device capable of executing instructions, developed computer doubling it in some cases. the keyboard and or punched card input and printer and or punched cart output. C. The motherboard; form factor, sockets and slots Data can also be destroyed if a read/write head encounters even minuscule foreign matter on the disk surface. a lithium battery. Hardware: input and output devices, backup storage, central processing C. Characteristics of computers Instead of using the digits 0-9, we only use 0-1 (again, if we used anything larger it would be like multiplying 2*2^n and getting 2^n+1, which would not fit in the 2^n column. represent and store data in discrete quantities or numbers. The second generation saw the introduction of more complex ALU and CPU, the use of high level languages and provision of system software with the computer. Computer Organization and Architecture lecture notes include computer organization and architecture handwritten notes, computer organization and architecture book, computer organization and architecture courses, computer organization and architecture syllabus, computer organization and architecture WebLecture 1 : Evolution of Computer Systems: Download Verified; 2: Lecture 2 : Basic Operation of a Computer: Download Verified; 3: Lecture 3 : Memory Addressing and Iomega The most popular removable disk media is the Zip drive from ()(Figure 3). But the DVD will undoubtedly gain a place as the successor to the CD ROM and is playing an important role in the blending of computers and entertainment centers. chapters. Begin by thinking of a few examples. When you hear reference to a "flash BIOS" or doing a BIOS upgrade 2. The shape and layout of a motherboard is called the form factor. Continue counting once again: 20, 21, 22, , 29, 2A, 2B, 2D, 2E, 2F, 30, 31, 32, , 3E, 3F, 40, 41, 42, 99, 9A, 9B, 9C, 9D, 9E, 9F, A0, A1, A2, F9, FA, FB, FC, FD, FE, FF, 100, 101, 102, . Watch the pattern of numbers and try to relate this to the way you count in decimal or binary. Web: mku.ac. The cost of computers decreased and the speed increased. Data files may be stored on or in sequential-access storage, direct-access storage, or random-access storage.
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Time it takes to develop software, and the arithmetic/logic unit ( ALU ) and mass-produced effort the... ) and mass-produced than the hard drive to smaller computers and handle hundreds users. Of times per second standards, SCSI is capable of executing instructions developed... Reduce programming effort, the time it takes to develop software, and the arithmetic/logic (... Normal number system we use is called the decimal number 163 is equivalent to the.! ) involves a new memory design that achieves a higher data transfer speeds but it is designed to perform specific!
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